Thursday, October 31, 2019
Toumin Essay-Baseball players using steroids should be banned Essay
Toumin -Baseball players using steroids should be banned - Essay Example One of the fundamental lessons and guidelines that kids are taught include saying no to drugs. However, in various sports publications and reports, the public has been made aware that the role models, Major League Baseball (MLB) players were reported to violate rules by using steroids that can damage the game and themselves repeatedly. In this regard, one contends that professional baseball players who use steroids should be banned from the game. MLB has faced and dealt with many issues in regards to players violating rules and policies resulting in suspension. However, players have been banned from baseball for serious offenses. For example, Pete Rose, former manager of the Cincinnati Reds and the all-time Major League leader in hits, was banned from baseball for gambling; and ultimately banned from the Hall of Fame (PETE ROSE STILL BANNED FROM HALL OF FAME). Marge Scott, former owner of Cincinnati Reds, was banned from baseball for saying racist slurs about African Americans and homosexual comments. Ferguson Jenkins, former Texas Rangers player, was banned for having possession of drugs trying to clear U.S. Customs. If these individuals mention were banned, the use of steroids, which is a greater offense, would ultimately be prevented through eliminating all players proven to have used it in the game. In an article written by Sari (2010), sports players are predominantly identified to manifest prolific use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), noted to have been synthetically obtained from testosterone, â€Å"the sex hormone that stimulates development of male sex characteristics and growth of muscles and bones†(68). Steroids were also reported to include performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) which likewise encompass human growth hormone (HGH) (Schmotzer, Kilgo and Switchenko). The reasons for using non-therapeutic
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
Service Sector Mraketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Service Sector Mraketing - Essay Example A company who is in the business of services must consider the four elements of service characteristics when they are designing their marketing strategy of their service. Those elements are as follows: - 1. Service Intangibility: service intangibility means that services which cannot be seen, touched or smelled before they are purchased for example: train passengers when they buy a ticket before travelling or when people book a room in a hotel in advance etc. 2. Service Variability: service variability means the quality of the service. The quality of the service depends on the person who is going to give it, and when he/she is going to give it and where and how. 3. Service Inseparability: in service inseparability a service cannot be separated from the person who is providing it. In service inseparability both the customer who is getting the service and the person who is providing the service affect the result of the service. The best example for service inseparability is a doctor conducting an examination of a patient. 4. Service Perishability: in service perish-ability a service cannot be kept for later use or sale. ... These were the four basic elements or characteristics that have to be kept in mind when a company or an organization is conducting marketing of a service. Now let's look into a hotel business that provides different kinds of services to its customers. Hotel Services A hotel can be defined as a place where people come to stay for a short period of time and have to pay for their rooms, meals and other kinds of services which a hotel provides like a spa or maid service or for laundry or sport facilities etc. People who would like to stay in a hotel have to get their room reserved in advance. A hotel business solely exits to provide comfort and satisfaction for its customers. It not only fulfils the needs of a customer but actually anticipates and provides the need even before it is asked. The success of a hotel depends on its location that where it is located, inside the city or on the outskirts of the city, is it near a beach or on top of a mountain etc. and it should be easy to find for the tourists. Another thing that makes the hotel business a success would be the number of rooms it has. And let's not forget the main thing that makes it a real success is the way the hotel employees behave towards the hotel's customers. The staffs of the hotel have to be extremely friendly to all kinds of people who are staying or visiting the hotel because the needs of a customer always come first. And also because the staffs of the hotel is always in contact with the people who are staying there and those people usually judge or make an opinion about the place on the impressions of the staff or on the reception they get when they are staying there.
Sunday, October 27, 2019
Data Protection Act 1998
Data Protection Act 1998 Abstract The focus of this report is to explain the requirements imposes of Data Protection Act 1998. The 1998 act affects to all people who uses information or data about other individuals Business. The DPA 1998 covers from the initial collection of data through its final deletion or destruction. The main term used in the IT industry is Data Processing which is extremely wide and it can be either usage of data, alteration of data, retrieval, data transmission or destruction of data. Introduction         The Data Protection Act 1998 is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament [1] which came into force early in 1999 and replaced the Data Protection Act 1984. The Act defines law on the processing data of living people. It is one of the main laws of legislation that governs the protection of personal data. Under this act, those who manage or use personal information have to follow rules or principles that are defined in the DPA. It also provides rights to individuals over their personal information. Some of the individual rights under DPA include access, compensation and the prevention of processing.         The basic principle of DPA is protecting privacy and a way in which each individual can control information about them. Also it defines a way in which organisations should carry their marketing strategy, through any communication media. Most of the act does not apply to domestic use, for example keeping personal address book. Well, if anyone holds personal data for other purpose he should follow this Act. The DPA also ensures that the data controller or the computer bureau will be liable for processing operation against the DPA Principles. The History         The Data Protection Act 1984 was introduced in UK legislation to provide special protection to individuals. The Act was adopted by the European Parliament after a lengthy discussion sessions. They adopted a proposal for a directive on the processing of personal data and on the transfer of such data. Certain protections where given in scenario where the personal information relating to them was handled, such as large business organisations and in emerging information technology. Data given from one party to another party may only be used for the specific purpose it was disclosed for. The data should be only kept for a limited period of time and must not be disclosed to other party without the authorisation of data owner. The term Processing and Personal data had a great impact in transformation during the DPA 1984. The Personal data covers both the data in electronic and manual form. And the term Processing became wide in such a way that nothing could b e carried out in relation to personal data under this definition.         The Data Protection Registrar was the regulatory authority who oversees the implementation and functionality of the act. Later it was followed up by the Data Protection Act 1998, which is an implementation of European Union Directive 95/46/EC. In DPA 1998 it renamed the Data Protection Registrar to Data Protection Commissioner. The functionality of Data Protection Commissioner is to ensure the compliance by publics by taking the necessity steps. The current Information Commissioner is Richard Thomas, he has the authority to inform parliament directly. The other function of commissioner is to provide guidance, promote good practice which falls under the Act. It also provides helpline services by phone or written request. The commissioner also acts like a legal adviser to the data controllers and has developed issued many documents for the data controller for implementing and interpretation of their duties. Some of the documents include: Code of Practice for CCTV users; Code of Practice on Employment Practices, which include codes on Recruitment and Selection; Records Management; Monitoring at Work and Medical Information about the employees. Code of Practice on Telecommunications Directory Information and Fair Processing. The Principles of DPA 1998         The DPA 1998 contains eight data protection principles in relation to the processing of personal data. They are Personal data should be processed fairly and lawfully. Personal data should only be obtained for one or more specified and lawful purposes, and it should not be further processed in any manner incompatible with these purposes. Personal data should be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purposes for which they were collected or processed. Personal data should be accurate and where necessary kept up to date. Personal data should not be kept longer than is needed for its intended purpose. Personal data should be processed in accordance with the rights of the individual which the information concerns. Appropriate technical measures should be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing or destruction of personal data and against accidental loss or destructionor damage to personal data. Personal data should not be transferred outside the European Economic Area unless that country ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights and freedoms of data subjects in relation to the processing of personal data. The First Data Protection Principle         The first data protection principle says that Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully and, in particular, shall not be processed unless At least one of the conditions in Schedule 2 is met, and In the case of sensitive personal data, at least one of the conditions in Schedule 3 is also met.         In the first principle, by fairly and lawfully it means that any processing of personal data must be allowed by common law. Fair processing states that any all the processing must be fair without any misleading. The processing should be carried out without any deception. The important point of view of the first principle is obtaining and disclosing personal data, which covers the whole life cycle of personal data used by the data controller. The data controller should have legitimate reasons for collecting and processing the personal data and should not use the data in such a way that have unjustified adverse effects on the individual concerned.         The Lawful processing also defines that the data subjects should be provided with information during the time of collecting the data, on why and how their data are being processed. This information is provided in the Fair Processing Notice. The notice should include the basic information given below: The identity of the data controller who process the personal data. The purposes for which the personal data are intended to be processed. To whom the personal data may be disclosed to, for example, a government department or agency. And any further information regarding the processing, to ensure the subject, that the data controller does not do anything unlawful with the data. Conditions to be Satisfied for Fair Processing         In addition to the Fair Processing Notice, there are some more conditions that should be met. The conditions are listed in Schedule 2 of the Act. There are six conditions for processing personal data in Schedule 2; the personal data should not be processed unless one of the conditions is met. Schedule 2 conditions The data subject has given his consent for processing. If it is for performing or entering a contract with the data subject. The data controller is under a legal obligation, other than under contract For the purpose of protecting the vital interest of the data subject. It is for the administration of justice, exercising functions under an enactment, exercising of government functions, or the exercise of any other functions of a public nature in the public interest It is for the pursuit of the legitimate interests of the data controller. In the case of sensitive personal data, one of the conditions in Schedule 2 and Schedule 3 must also be met for Fair Processing. Schedule 3 Conditions explicit consent has been given by the data subject it is for the exercise of rights or obligations in connection with employment it is to protect the vital interests of the data subject or anyone else it is part of the legitimate activity of a not for profit organisation the personal data have already been made public by the data subject it forms part of legal proceedings, including obtaining legal advice, and exercising or defending legal rights it is for the administration of justice, or exercising functions under an enactment, or exercising of government functions it is for medical purposes it is for the purpose of monitoring equality of opportunity The Second Data Protection Principle         The Second Principle Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes, and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes, explains the requirement for specifying the purpose for which it obtains the personal data. It also means that, the organisation who obtains the personal data should clearly specify the reason to the ICO, why they are collecting and what they intend to do with the personal data. The organisation should also notify the process to the Information Commissioner.         The data controller can send privacy notices regarding the process to make it more effective. Privacy notices are generally given at the time of collecting personal data. Data controller should also need to get prior consent to use or disclose the personal data for the purpose other than he originally obtained for. The Third Data Protection Principle         The third principle of the Data Protection Act states three conditions or requirements to the data controller. The data controller should not obtain any more personal data than they need for the processing nor they should discard any personal data. The data must be adequate, relevant and not excessive. Also the data controller is not authorised to process whatever information he likes about the individual.         The third principle also states that the data controller should identify the minimum required information on each individual to fulfil their purpose. Only in certain cases he can hold additional information about certain individuals for the processing. A simple example for this is a surgeon before performing a surgery he should know about the patient medical conditions, such as his medical history, his habits (like drinking, smoking etc), information from medical checkups. If the patient has to undergo a major heart operation, the surgeon will also look upon patient family members medical history also. If the parents have asthma, blood pressure, etc.         In organisation the same process is taking place in a different manner during the recruitment process. The employees are asked same in depth question regarding their personal information. The third principle is strongly linked to the first principle. Processing of personal data which is inadequate, irrelevant or excessive is unfair to the data subject. The first principle requires fairness in processing. The excessive information can be something that the organisation keeps for certain conditions, like in a manufacturing factory they will keep the blood group of their entire employee who works in a hazardous environment and this information is needed only in case of accidents. Such information are likely to be irrelevant and excessive for the rest of the employees. The Fourth Data Protection Principle         The Act says that Personal data shall be accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date. Once the data controller overcomes the first and second principles of DPA, the next main fact to consider is the data quality, in which accuracy plays the main role. There are two obligations in the fourth principle that should be taken care off.         Firstly, the data should be accurate. The data controller should take necessary steps to ensure the accuracy of data in regard to the purpose for which it is collected and further processed. Incomplete information will be inaccurate if it misleads. Even though if the actual given data happens to be true, there will be a misleading if the two data subjects are identical. In such cases more information will be needed to keep it more accurate for the data controller to identify. If the data controller makes decision on the result of inaccurate processed data, then he will be breaking the first data protection principle which indicates the strong link between accuracy and fairness in data processing.         Secondly, the data controller should also see that the personal data are kept up-to-date. This condition depends upon the case where personal data are subjected to repeated use for a long period of time. In such cases data controller has to take more review on personal data. If the data subject notifies the data controller that the data is inaccurate, then he should ensure the changes are made to the data to keep it up-to-date.         If a data subject suspects that the information held about him is inaccurate, he will have to see the personal data which the data controller holds. The data subject can make an access request under section 7, for accessing a copy of his personal data held by the data controller. If the court is satisfied with the data subject, then the court may order the data controller to rectify, block, erase, or destroy the personal data. If the processing had caused damage to the data subject then the court will order to give compensation. The Fifth Data Protection Principle         The Fifth Act says that Personal data processed for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes. The data controller should review, for how long the personal data is retained. He shall also retain the data for performing purpose other than the original purpose for which it was obtained. The main element of the fifth principle is to show the reason for which the personal data is held. If the data controller fails to show a sufficient reason for holding the data then, he should get rid of the data.         If the personal data is kept for a long time there is a chance that the information will go out of date causing error. It also becomes difficult to ensure that the information is accurate. Even if the information is no more needed, the data controller should make sure that it is held securely. Reviewing personal data regularly and deleting those no longer needed is a good practice. The data that should be retained must be archived or put offline.         The personal data are retained only in certain scenarios depending upon the current and future scope of the information. Major concerned things for retaining data are the cost, liability and risks for retaining the personal information. The Sixth Data Protection Principle         The sixth DPA principle says that Personal data shall be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects under this Act [9]. The sixth principle gives rights to the individual in respect of personal data the organisation hold about them. Under this principle certain rights for individual are mentioned they are: Access to personal data. Preventing process likely to cause damage or distress. Prevent direct marketing. Automated decision making. Correcting inaccurate personal data. Compensation.         Access to personal data is commonly referred to as subject access. It is created by section 7 of the DPA. This is mostly used by data subjects who want to see the copy of personal data which the organisation holds about them. The data subjects are entitled only to their own data. By giving a written request an individual is entitled to know whether any personal data is being processed. The organisation should also inform him the reasons it is being processed and whether it will be given to any other organisation.         The second right says that the data subject can demand the organisation to stop the processing if it causes damage or distress to the data subject. The individual can write an objection stating the damage or distress faced by them to the data controller. This is called Objection to processing. The objection should clearly specify the effect of processing.         For example, consider the scenario where a person is refused a job in an manufacturing company because the company came to know from a third party that the man is unsuitable for job because he was one among the trade union activists. The third party will be having a blacklist containing names of people who are unsuitable to be employed in a manufacturing company. The suffering person can write to the data controller who maintains the blacklist and ask him to remove his name from the list. He can show that he is suffering damage and distress because of this processing. In this case the data controller should cease processing the persons information and respond to his mail within 21 days.         The data subjects also have the right to prevent their data being processed for Direct Marketing. They can give an objection to processing to halt the usage of their data for direct marketing. Direct marketing includes junk mails that are not addressed to a particular person but to the occupier. For example, mails posted through every letter box in a street, like leaflets, shop advertisements, etc. The direct marketing does not just refer to selling items to customers but also includes promotions and campaigns. The data subject may ask the organisation to delete these details from database. But it is preferable to suppress the personal data. Suppressing involves just retaining only enough information about the customers. It also ensures that the organisation not sends marketing to people who have asked not to and helps retaining individual information in the database.         Data subjects also have the right to inform the data controller, not to make automated decision using their personal data and can ask to reconsider the decision taken by automated means. The data controller should inform the data subject when such a situation is taken. These types of decision are taken without any human intervention. For example, consider a person who transfers his cash from one account to other and the transfer gets declined automatically. This might have happened because the individuals information did not match the pre-defined criteria in the automated system. He may undertake manual process to do the transfer.         According to the fourth principle the data should be accurate. If the data is inaccurate, the data subject has the right to apply the court for releasing an order to block, rectify, erase or destroy the inaccurate information. The court may investigate whether this statement is true or not. If the individual has suffered from damage or distress then he will be awarded compensation. The Seventh Data Protection Principle         The seventh DPA ensures the security of personal data undergoing process. The principle says that Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data. This principle is often called security principle. The data controller should take proper care of data which he holds not accidentally or deliberately compromise. He should also need to design and organise the security to fit to the process. Also make sure about the person in his organisation that is responsible for the data information security. The data controller should adopt appropriate measures against Unauthorised processing of personal data. Unlawful processing of personal data. Accidental destruction, damage or loss to personal data.         Technical measures/security includes the use of passwords and other authentication techniques, encryption and anti-virus software to detect malwares. . He should also ensure to keep up to date with the development of security technologies, make sure that well trained and reliable staffs with robust physical and technical security are used. As a part of notification process the data controller should describe the Information Commissioner about the security arrangements made in the organisation to keep the personal data. The Eight Data Protection Principle         The eighth DPA says that Personal data shall not be transferred to a country or territory outside the EEA unless that country or territory ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights and freedoms of data subjects in relation to the processing of personal data. The data controller requires informing individuals about the disclosure of their personal data to other overseas parties. Before making the data transfer to a third party, the data controller should consider whether he can achieve his aims without processing the original data and there should be some substantive processing conducted on the personal data in the third country. The condition will not apply in the case where it is not possible to identify individuals from the information. In this type of cases the data controller are free to transfer the information outside the EEA.         A transfer is said to have occurred when the personal data is send to other country. If the data controller puts the personal data on a website will often results in data transfer to other countries outside the EEA. The transfer occurs when someone outside the EEA access the website. The data controller should also consider the fact that a transfer occurs while putting personal data on websites and sees whether it is fair for the concerned data subject. Currently, there are no restrictions on personal data transfer to EEA countries. They are: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia.         The European Commission will also undergo a case to case assessment of the level of protection affordable by the third country. All the circumstances surrounding the data transfer are assessed. In addition to this consideration must be also given to: The nature of personal data. How long will the proposed process last. The country of origin of personal data and the destination to which it will be transferred. The security measures and professional rules in the destination country.         Certain countries have been considered for having adequate protection by the European Commission. They are Argentina, Canada, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Switzerland, and Jersey. Conclusion         I hope this report would have given a brief idea about the Data Protection Act 1998. This report also mentions the different principles concerned with DPA, the way that a data controller should follow for lawful and fairness processing. Proper care should be taken while handling personal data, still cyber threats are done by accruing the mobile numbers of individuals and pinpointing them by identifying the co-ordinates of the SIM location. So the firms or organisation should ensure that they pay more attention to DPA for the safety and privacy of people. Annotations DPA Data Protection Act 1998 ICO Information Commissioners Office EEA European Economic Area SIM Subscriber Identification Module Card References Stewart Room, 2007, Data Protection Compliance in Context, Published by CAPDM. City Of London, Data Protection Act, Available at: http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Council_and_democracy/Data_protection_and_freedom_of_information/Data_protection_act.htm Accessed on [Jan 10,2010] Wikipedia, Data Protection Act 1998, Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Act_1998 Accessed on [Jan15,2010] Piers Leigh-Pollitt James Mullock, 1999, The Data Protection Act Explained, Second Edition 2000,Publlished by Osborne Clarke. Lancaster University Data Protection Project, 2001, the Data Protection Principle. Available at: http://www.dpa.lancs.ac.uk/principles.htm Accessed on [Jan16, 2010]. ICO, Processing personal data for specified purposes (Principle 2), Available at : http://www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection_guide/principle_2_processing_personal_data_for_specified_purposes.aspx Accessed on [Jan 24,2010] ICO, Keeping personal data accurate and up to date (Principle 4)Available at : http://www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection_guide/principles_3_to_5_information_standards/keeping_personal_information_accurate_and_up_to_date.aspx . Accessed on [Jan 24,2010] ICO, Retaining personal data (Principle 5).Available at: http://www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection_guide/principles_3_to_5_information_standards/retaining_personal_data.aspx . Accessed on [Jan 24,2010] ICO, The rights of individuals (Principle 6).)Available at: http://www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection_guide/principle_6_the_rights_of_individuals.aspx . Accessed on [Jan 26,2010] ICO, Information security (Principle 7).Available at: http://www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection_guide/principle_7_information_security.aspx . Accessed on [Jan 26,2010] ICO, Sending personal data outside the European Economic Area (Principle 8).Available at: http://www.ico.gov.uk/for_organisations/data_protection_guide/principle_8_sending_personal_data_outside_the_eea.aspx . Accessed on [Jan 26,2010] Peter Carey,2004, Data Protection Handbook, Published by Law Society.
Friday, October 25, 2019
Soldiers Home :: essays papers
Soldiers Home Critical Analysis of "Soldier's Home": Before, During, and After the War (with bibliography) Many of the titles of Ernest Hemingway's stories are ironic, and can be read on a number of levels; Soldier's Home is no exception. Our first impression, having read the title only, is that this story will be about a old soldier living out the remainder of his life in an institution where veterans go to die. We soon find out that the story has nothing to do with the elderly, or institutions; rather, it tells the story of a young man, Harold Krebs, only recently returned from World War I, who has moved back into his parents' house while he figures out what he wants to do with the rest of his life. And yet our first impression lingers, and with good reason; despite the fact that his parents' comfortable, middle-class lifestyle used to feel like home to Harold Krebs, it no longer does. Harold is not home; he has no home at all. This is actually not an uncommon scenario among young people (such as college students) returning into the womb of their childhood again. But with Harold, the situation is more dramatic because he has not only lived on his own, but has dealt with -- and been traumatized by -- life-and-death situations his parents could not possibly understand. Hemingway does not divulge why Krebs was the last person in his home town to return home from the war; according to the Kansas City Star, Hemingway himself "left Kansas City in the spring of 1918 and did not return for 10 years, [becoming] 'the first of 132 former Star employees to be wounded in World War I,' according to a Star article at the time of his death" (Kansas City Star, hem6.htm). Wherever he was in the intervening time, by the time Harold gets home, the novelty of the returning soldier has long since worn off. All the other former soldiers have found a niche for themselves in the community, but Harold needs a while longer to get his bearings; he plays pool, "practiced on his clarinet, strolled down town, read, and went to bed" (Hemingway, 146). What he is doing, of course, is killing time. The problem, of course, has to do with Harold's definition of who he has become. He recognizes he has changed, and this change is played out dramatically against the backdrop of a town where nothing else has changed since he was in high school. His father parks his car in the same place; it's still the same car; the girls walking down the
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Isolation: a Comparative Essay Essay
In William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, the concept of identity is explored through Hamlet’s isolation which is created by the conflict between his duty to his father, and his duties to the monarchy and his peers. Gertrude suffers the same identity questions through her isolation and also that of her sons. The isolation they experience not only is caused by some sort of tragic event, but also provokes many dilemmas in their lives that they both have to work through, but it also results in a lot of trouble, and heartbreak for more than just themselves. For people who are royalty such as Hamlet and Gertrude, it seems as though it would be difficult to be isolated, or to have anything bad happen to them. They are always surrounded by people, who love them, or who want to be them. But maybe that’s just it; maybe Hamlet and Gertrude being royalty started the downfall. There is usually one point in time, one moment that causes the big downfall, one thing that tears away any strength the person had to battle their isolation. The one thing for Hamlet is the death of his father. Being a son, the father is the biggest role model and usually the person the son looks up to and learns from the most. To make things worst, in the beginning of the play Hamlet’s isolation can also be due to the fact that he is unaware of foul murder by Claudius. Hamlet also experiences betrayals from his friends Guildenstern and Rosencrantz. When they betray Hamlet it provokes Hamlet to start to question his relationships not only with them, but also with his other friends and family. All saws of books, all forms, all pressures past†¦ And thy commandment all alone shall live within the book and volume of my brain, Unmixed with baser matter. (I.5.99-104) Hamlet’s mother Gertrude and Uncle Claudius both betray his trust. The actions of his uncle, Claudius, are the cause of Hamlet’s reactions throughout the play which isolates Hamlet from the only family that he has in the play. Finally, when Hamlet tries to get to the root of things and he pretends to go mad, he isolates himself from his friends, family, and especially Ophelia. The root of Hamlet’s isolation is his suffering of false friends and betrayals, and his own secretive nature. These deceitful circumstances of Hamlet’s loneliness and its effect on Hamlet are the major contributing factors leading to his tragic downfall. Similar to Hamlet, his mother, Gertrude also has a tragic event that causes the start of her isolation. This is the death of her husband, the King. Gertrude, as well as Hamlet, is not aware of how her husband passed away, and that someone close to her, and her son is the perpetrator. Although the loss is hard for Hamlet, it is also really difficult for Gertrude. King and Queen, that’s how it goes. Where there is a king, there is always a queen to follow, and vise versa. When the king is gone, it leaves just the queen, Gertrude to be all by herself. With no one to sleep with at night, and no one to love and have him love her back. She is isolated in a major way. And being just the queen is not easy. When something tragic happens to one, it is not easy to cope with. You want to make life go back to just the way it was before, although of course, there will be things in the way, such as dilemmas. Hamlet crosses paths with many of them throughout his journey. The first one being when he learns of the murder of his father. The ghost tells Hamlet to avenge his death, which is the first dilemma, murdering his uncle. He tries and he thinks about it all of the time and tries to come up with ways that Claudius will show his guilt for a way that he will be able to murder Claudius. But that’s just it, he thinks about it all of the time, but does not continue through with his plan. King: O, my offence is rank. It smells to heaven. It hath the primal eldest curse upon’t, A brother’s murder. Pray can I not, Though inclination be as sharp as will. My stronger guilt defeats my strong intent. (III.3.36-40) Hamlet wants to focus himself entirely on this task, and wants no distractions. So, he plays with Ophelia’s head she is a woman that he sees romantically. He tells her he never loved her, causing her to go mad. This is the next step Hamlet has to take to continue his plan. He confides in some friends so they are aware of his well being and acts as if he is mad. He does this to get answers, and maybe even find a small, tiny piece of closure. This is his way of dealing with the death of his father, and the pain that it makes him feel. Hamlet also becomes isolated from many men, including Claudius and Laertes, due to the fact that they all want him dead, and wants many of them dead. Similarly, Gertrude is also hurt by the death of King Hamlet, she loved him, and she loves her son as well. Back then she would have no choice on who she could marry; it would be expected of her. When there is a kingdom, a monarchy, and society that needs to be ruled, there has to be a king in the picture, no queen can handle it by themselves. Gertrude even married him in the same few days as her husband’s funeral. In the eyes of Hamlet, the actions of his mother totally betray him. When he needs someone the most, she is off with a new man. Her marrying Claudius proves to Hamlet that she has no respect and no remorse for the death of his father and even for him. Another major dilemma Hamlet has is the power struggle between him and his mother. Naturally Gertrude feels as though Hamlet is still hers, and shall do what she says. She loves him so much, and wants him to see that everything will be okay, but Hamlet believes he can see through it. Hamlet has little or no intentions of taking orders from anyone, or being convinced otherwise by another person, especially his mother. Gertrude finally calls for Hamlet so that they can have a personal discussion about what has been going on, and Hamlet does not even speak to his mother, as if that is what she is. No more, sweet Hamlet! these words like daggars enter my ears; †¦O speak to me no more; As will not leave their tinct (III.iv.88-91) And there I see such black and grained spots Thou turn’st my very eyes into my soul, O Hamlet, speak no more†¦ (III.iv.94-6) All of this happens because of that one point, one moment when everything changed for many people. After everything that has happened to Hamlet, Gertrude and their peers, you think it would get better, but it does not. The death of the real king causes so many problems in the lives of these people, and in the end, it ultimately leads to their demise. In the last battle of the play Hamlet is prepared to kill his uncle Claudius which is directly related to how Claudius marries his mother, and leaves Hamlet all alone. Gertrude indirectly dies by drinking the poison in a coasting of her son, which is when she shows the ultimate love towards Hamlet. Because she did love him so much, and never wanted King Hamlet to die, and always wanted Hamlet to be with her, and support her. At that point she thought that Hamlet would come back on board with her and she truly believes that love can triumph. Gertrude is ultimately killed by the love she has for her son. The two truly did love each other, and really would do anything for the other person. Throughout the play, the isolation they both suffered tore from their relationship. Hamlet was separating himself from her, and there was nothing Gertrude could do to change it. The relationship that a mother and a son have is tremendous and is so special to so many people. Finally, another result of their isolation puts a wall between them, and never allows them to have that special relationship before they pass. A result of the isolation Hamlet has is that he received the measures of revenge. Not only did these two die because of this, others also did many others, such as Ophelia, Polonius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Claudius†¦ So, who were they? Gertrude was a loving mother, who loved her son so dearly, and Hamlet, a son who was torn from so many different angles. This happens all of the time in every day life, even when parents are divorced, the children do not want to see anyone new with their mom and dad. When they do, there is often conflict and tension between them. Or the whole idea of planning, and waiting until the perfect time and moment to go trough with the plan can be related to revenge in our lives. Such as 9/11, obviously that took a lot of planning and thought as well. The only thing I know for sure about Hamlet is that the ending was very solid. The king dies. Revenge has been succeeded. The death of all of these people and of the kings symbolizes that evil is now over. There will be a new king, and he will start a new and pure beginning.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Aileen
Wuornos was born as Aileen Carol Pittman in Rochester, Michigan. She had one older brother named Keith, who was born in February 1955. Her mother, Diane Pratt, was 15 years old when she married Leo Dale Pittman on June 3, 1954. Less than two years into marriage and two months before Wuornos was born, Pratt filed for divorce. Pittman was a child molester who spent most of his life in and out of prison. Wuornos never met her father, as he was imprisoned for the rape and attempted murder of an eight-year-old boy at the time of her birth. Leo Pittman was strangled in prison in 1969. In January 1960, Pratt abandoned her children, leaving them with their maternal grandparents – Lauri and Britta Wuornos. They were legally adopted on March 18, 1960 by the Wuornos family and took their surname. From a young age, Wuornos engaged in sex with multiple partners, including her own brother. At the age of 13, she became pregnant, claiming the pregnancy was a result of being raped by an unknown man. Wuornos gave birth at a Detroit home for unwed mothers on March 23, 1971. The child, a son, was placed for adoption. On July 7, 1971 Britta Wuornos died of liver failure, after which Wuornos and her brother became wards of the court. At age 15, Wuornos' grandfather threw her out of the house, and she began supporting herself as a prostitute. On May 27, 1974, Wuornos was arrested in Jefferson County, Colorado for drunk driving, disorderly conduct, and firing a . 22-caliber pistol from a moving vehicle. She was later charged with failure to appear. In 1976, Wuornos hitchhiked to Florida, where she met 70-year-old yacht club president Lewis Gratz Fell (June 28, 1907  January 6, 2000). They married that same year, and the news of their nuptials was printed in the local newspaper's society pages. However, Wuornos continually involved herself in confrontations at their local bar and was eventually sent to jail for assault. She also hit Fell with his own cane, leading him to get a restraining order against her, after which she returned to Michigan. On July 14, 1976, Wuornos was arrested in Antrim County, Michigan and charged with assault and disturbing the peace following an incident in which she threw a cue ball at a bartender's head. On July 17, her brother Keith died of throat cancer and Wuornos acquired $10,000 from his life insurance. Wuornos and Fell divorced on July 21 after nine weeks of marriage. On May 20, 1981, Wuornos was arrested in Edgewater, Florida for the armed robbery of a convenience store. She was consequently sentenced to prison on May 4, 1982 and released on June 30, 1983. On May 1, 1984, Wuornos was arrested for attempting to pass forged checks at a bank in Key West. On November 30, 1985, she was named as a suspect in the theft of a revolver and ammunition in Pasco County. On January 4, 1986, Wuornos was arrested in Miami and charged with grand theft auto, resisting arrest and obstruction by false information (she provided identification with the name Lori Grody, her aunt). Miami police found a . 38-caliber revolver and a box of ammunition in the stolen car. On June 2, 1986, Volusia County deputies detained Wuornos for questioning after a male companion accused her of pulling a gun in his car and demanding $200. Wuornos was found to be carrying spare ammunition and a . 22 pistol was discovered beneath the passenger seat she occupied. Around this time, Wuornos met Tyria Moore, a hotel maid, at a Daytona gay bar. They moved in together, and Wuornos supported them with her prostitution earnings. On July 4, 1987, Daytona Beach police detained Wuornos and Moore at a bar for questioning regarding an incident in which they were accused of assault and battery with a beer bottle. On March 12, 1988, Wuornos accused a Daytona Beach bus driver of assault. She claimed that he pushed her off the bus following a confrontation. Moore was listed as a witness to the incident. Wuornos and Moore abandoned Peter Siems' car after they were involved in an accident on July 4, 1990, after which Wuornos' palm print was found. Witnesses who had seen the women driving the victims' cars provided police with their names and descriptions, resulting in a media campaign to locate them. Police also found some of the victims' belongings in pawnshops and retrieved fingerprints, which matched those found in the victims' cars and on Wuornos' arrest record. On January 9, 1991, Wuornos was arrested on an outstanding warrant at The Last Resort, a biker bar in Volusia County. Police located Moore the next day in Scranton, Pennsylvania. She agreed to get a confession from Wuornos in exchange for prosecutorial immunity Moore returned with police to Florida, where she was put up in a motel. Under police guidance, Moore made numerous telephone calls to Wuornos, pleading for help in clearing her name. Three days later, on January 16, 1991, Wuornos confessed to the murders. She claimed the men had tried to rape her and she killed them in self-defense. Wuornos went to trial for the murder of Richard Mallory on January 14, 1992. Prior bad acts are normally inadmissible in criminal trials, but under Florida's Williams Rule, the prosecution was allowed to introduce evidence related to her other crimes in order to show a pattern of illegal acts. Wuornos was convicted for Richard Mallory's murder on January 27, 1992 with help from Moore's testimony. At her sentencing, psychiatrists for the defense testified that Wuornos was mentally unstable and had been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. She was sentenced to death on January 31, 1992. On March 31, 1992, Wuornos pleaded no contest to the murders of Dick Humphreys, Troy Burress and David Spears, saying she wanted to â€Å"get right with God†. In her statement to the court, she stated, â€Å"I wanted to confess to you that Richard Mallory did violently rape me as I've told you. But these others did not. [They] only began to start to. â€Å"On May 15, 1992, Wuornos was given three more death sentences. In June 1992, Wuornos pleaded guilty to the murder of Charles Carskaddon and received her fifth death sentence in November 1992. The defense made efforts during the trial to introduce evidence that Mallory had been tried for intent to commit rape in Maryland, and that he had been committed to a maximum security correctional facility in Maryland which provided remediation to sexual offenders. Records obtained from that institution reflected that from 1958 to 1962, Mallory was committed for treatment and observation resulting from a criminal charge of assault with intent to rape, and received an overall eight years of treatment from the facility. In 1961, â€Å"it was observed of Mr. Mallory that he possessed strong sociopathic trends. â€Å"The judge refused to allow this to be admitted in court as evidence and denied Wuornos' request for a retrial. In February 1993, Wuornos pleaded guilty to the murder of Walter Jeno Antonio and was sentenced to death again. No charges were brought against her for the murder of Peter Siems, as his body was never found. In all, she received six death sentences.
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