Teen Pregnancy in America Essay - 2461 Words

Americans take great pride in their leadership among nations. Such a distinction becomes embarrassing however when the title is claimed for the highest teenage pregnancy rate of any developed nation with nearly one million pregnancies each year. There has been extensive research on the phenomenon of teenage pregnancy which has yielded important information about pregnancy rates and risk factors. Researchers concur that pregnancy is a time of dramatic transition. A first time pregnancy propels the mother from the status of woman to mother. While these changes are noteworthy for the adult woman confronting pregnancy, their effect is frequently magnified when the expecting mother is an adolescent. Adolescent childbearing has become a†¦show more content†¦It has been receiving a great deal of public and official attention recently, including expressions of concern from President Clinton (Trad, 1999). However, the most extensive dilemma regarding the issue of adolescent pregnancy is the question of prevention. Preventing teen pregnancy includes such problems as the availability of birth control, sexual education among children and adolescents, and a greater sense of support for pregnant teens. However, before society can begin to successfully prevent pregnancies among teenage girls, the underlying causes and facts about the dilemma must first be exposed Research Question Are children of adolescent mothers predisposed to adolescent childbearing? Independent and Dependent Variables For the purpose of this study, the dependent variable is children of adolescent mothers, which will be measured by the following definition: Being the daugther of a teenage mother between the age of 13 and 19. For the purpose of this study, the independent variable is predisposition to adolescent childbearing which will be measured by the following definition: Whether or not the teenager is a parent, familial status of teenagers parents, i.e., divorced, married, separated, and socioeconomic status (SES). SECTION II LITERATURE REVIEW In this study, the researcher has come across a plethora of articles pertaining to teen pregnancy. All the articlesShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy: A Serious Problem in America1568 Words   |  7 PagesTeen Pregnancy is a very serious issue in America. There are many statistics and facts about teen pregnancy and how it is such a big problem in America. So, in my paper I want to talk about teen pregnancies and ways to prevent it. I want to explain that teen pregnancy is not the end of the world and that pregnant teens have a future. I want to also talk about my experience and how having a child at a young age changed my life in many different ways. At the age of eighteen I found out I was goingRead MoreAdverse Health Effects of Adolescent Pregnancy Essays1451 Words   |  6 PagesAdolescent pregnancy is a very important health issue worldwide. When adolescents who, are often physically and mentally unprepared to bear a child are become mothers it has astoundingly negative outcomes for the mother. Including bad personal outcomes adolescent mothers often give birth to children with increased health issues when compared to a healthy adult mothers. Because of the negative outcomes associated with adolescent pregnancy, the issue should be addressed worldwide. Adolescent mothersRead MoreUnintended Pregnancy : An American Epidemic Essay1280 Words   |  6 PagesUnintended Pregnancy: An American Epidemic This year in America, over one million teens will become pregnant. More than 80% of these pregnancies will be unintended (North Carolina PRAMS 2009). 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The main causeRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Rates By Jacqueline Sedgwick s Article, American Adolescents And Emergency Contraceptive Pill Access843 Words   |  4 PagesOne major problem in America’s society today is teen pregnancy rates. In fact, â€Å"teen sexual activity, pregnancy, and childbearing are associated with substantial social, economic, and health costs† (Sedgwick). However, this problem is not one without a solution. The rise of teen pregnancy rates can be prevented and reversed by providing better access to birth control for teens, eliminating the negative connotation that accompanies abstinence, and implementing more efficient sex education in publicRead MoreThe Argument Of Teen Pregnancy813 Words   |  4 PagesFor some time now, teen pregnancies have become an intense and emotional debate in America. The argument of teen pregnancy has been disputed in households across America, discussed on social media sites like Facebook, debated by many of our most powerful political leaders, and analyzed by researchers. Furthermore, pregnant teens are being judged regularly by political groups/movements, the ultra-religious groups, and ordinary Americans. The highly publicized debate has even compelled networks suchRead MoreTeen Pregnancy And Public Perception1498 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this chapter is to provide a literature review of teen pregnancy and public perception. The chapter will begin by examining the decrease of teen pregnancy in America. It will transition to under standing the emotional effects on teen mothers and depict how a pregnant teen’s life could be altered. It will conclude by discussing how the topic of teen pregnancy has caused the President of the United States to take a closer look. This chapter will end with a summary of my research findingsRead MoreThe Issue Of Teen Pregnancy1722 Words   |  7 Pagescounterpart. But although she may have broken many barriers and achieved great accomplishments, there are still some deep rooted issues which continue to affect her in a most insidious manner. One of the issues that women face in the United States is teen pregnancy which is still an enormous problem that needs to be addressed. The rates are still higher than they were only a decade ago. Becoming a parent permanently and profoundly alters a teenager s life. Most of the girls forget about their dreams ofRead MoreTeen Pregnancy : Protecting Our Youth Through Abstinence1316 Words   |  6 PagesRebecca Powell English IV 30 October 2015 Teen Pregnancy: Protecting Our Youth Through Abstinence What is Teen Pregnancy? It is the pregnancy of adolescent girls from the ages of 13-20. Teen Pregnancy is one of the most trending things happening in today’s society. Statistics shows that 1,000,000 girls become pregnant every year (Garth). Being that the United States is in the highest percentage of teen pregnancy. 40% will have government assistance (Garth). The teen birth rate from 1990-1995 per 1,000Read MoreTeenage Pregnancy : Protecting Our Youth Through Abstinence1315 Words   |  6 PagesPowell English IV 30 October 2015Teen Pregnancy: Protecting Our Youth Through Abstinence What is Teen Pregnancy? It is the pregnancy of adolescent girls from the ages of 13-20. Teen Pregnancy is one of the most trending things happening in today’s society. Statistics shows that 1,000,000 girls become pregnant every year (Garth). Being that the United States is in the highest percentage of teen pregnancy, 40% will have government assistance (Garth). The teen birth rate from 1990-1995 per 1,000

Nonsampling or Systematic Errors Free Essays

Nonsampling errors can occur both in a sample survey and in a census. Such errors occur because of human mistakes and not chance. The errors that occur in the collection, recording, and tabulation of data are called nonsampling errors. We will write a custom essay sample on Nonsampling or Systematic Errors or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nonsampling errors occur because of human mistakes and not chance. Nonsampling errors can be minimized if questions are prepared carefully and data are handled cautiously. Many types of systematic errors or biases can occur in a survey, including selection error, nonresponse error, response error, and voluntary response error. The following chart shows the types of errors. (i) Selection Error: When we need to select a sample, we use a list of elements from which we draw a sample, and this list usually does not include many members of the target population. Usually it is not feasible to include every member of the target population in this list. This list of members of the population that is used to select a sample is called the sampling frame. Thus, the sampling frame that is used to select a sample may not be representative of the population. This may cause the sample results to be different from the population results. The error that occurs because the sampling frame is not representative of the population is called the selection error. If a sample is nonrandom (and, hence, non representative), the sample results may be quite different from the census results. (ii) Nonresponse Error: Even if our sampling frame and, consequently, the sample are representative of the population, nonresponse error may occur because many of the people included in the sample did not respond to the survey. This type of error occurs especially when a survey is conducted by mail. A lot of people do not return the questionnaires. It has been observed that families with low and high incomes do not respond to surveys by mail. Consequently, such surveys over represent middle-income families. This kind of error may also occur in a telephone survey. Many people may not be home when the interviewer calls. This may distort the results. To avoid the nonresponse error, every effort should be made to contact all people included in the survey. (iii) Response Error: The response error occurs when the answer given by a person included in the survey is not correct. This may happen for many reasons. One reason is that the respondent may not have understood the question. Thus, the wording of the question may have caused the respondent to answer incorrectly. It has been observed that when the same question is worded differently, many people do not respond the same way. The answers given by respondents may differ depending on the race of the interviewer. (iv) Voluntary Response Error: Another source of systematic error is a survey based on a voluntary response sample. The polls conducted based on samples of readers of magazines and newspapers suffer from voluntary response error or bias. Usually only those readers who have very strong opinions about the issues involved respond to such surveys. Surveys in which the respondents are required to call some telephone numbers also suffer from this type of error. Here, to participate, many times a respondent have to pay for the call and many people do not want to bear this cost. Consequently, the sample is usually neither random nor representative of the target population because participation is voluntary. How to cite Nonsampling or Systematic Errors, Papers

Career counseling free essay sample

European policies in the lifelong learning field reconfirm the essential importance of information, counselling and guidance services in the process of â€Å"facilitating the access to the education and continuing training offer† and of supporting the positive entering of social and professional life for young people and adults. In this sense it is necessary to create a culture of open, transparent, comprehensible dialogue resulting in a practical gain for both the clients and the employers. At the same time, these services must be provided insistently and persuasively so that any person should have the opportunity of learning and training throughout their lifetime and benefit from equal opportunities on the labour market (special attention should be given to groups threatened by social and job exclusion), stimulate social cohesion, encourage private initiative and assist the improvement of beneficiary’s lifestyle. Counsellors who work in information, counselling and guidance institutions will make recourse to the information and communication technologies to facilitate the access to their services of as many clients as possible, will work in close cooperation with the local employers and the community, endeavouring that their services should be up to date, connected to clients’ needs, to their systems of qualifications and interests, and to the dynamics of the local, regional, national and European social and economic development. While selecting the methods and techniques for this Compendium, we held in mind the following issues: †¢ the practical value of the method or technique for the field of counselling; †¢ solid, rational, logical theoretical base, grounded on rigorous and systematic empirical research; †¢ the existence of standards adapted to the social, cultural and economic specificity of the population or the possibility to easily adapt these instrument to the practice prevalent in our country; †¢ facile use and quick results, comprehensible for client and counsellor;  the extent to which the method or technique are is widespread in career counselling in our country and internationally; †¢ the diversity of information sources, direct access to the reference material about the working method or technique. At the same time, the selection process is concerned with aspects such as: †¢ †¢ 6 the consensus or majority vote of the authors team and their close collaborator s; the result of polls among counselling practitioners regarding the instruments they employ in practice or have requested to use. In the choice of instruments, the following practical considerations are of some importance: †¢ adapting the instrument to the category of clients requesting counselling services and to the specificity of their problems; †¢ mastering in detail all the technical and methodological aspects required for the administration of the instruments, scoring and interpretation of results; †¢ being acquainted with the social, cultural and economic environment of the clients, as well as with other characteristics pertaining to their gender, education, residence;  knowing the context in which the instrument intended for use was developed before deciding for its applicability; †¢ the comprehensibility of the general structure, procedural friendliness, statistical support, availability of standards and scoring scales; †¢ the extent to which the instrument offers the information needed by the clients in their career development. The main questions that counsellors should ask when deciding upon the purchase, adaptation and use of tests are the following: †¢ To what purpose were the tests developed? What do they claim to measure? †¢ What target groups are they recommended for? †¢ What types of items / tasks does the test employ for evaluation? †¢ Does the test come with an administration and scoring manual? †¢ Does the test include standards and scoring scales for assessing the results? †¢ Is the test easy to use and the result interpretation comprehensible and transparent for the beneficiaries? †¢ Are there data regarding the test’s reliability and validity? †¢ Are there copyright provisions? What are the costs? †¢ Who are the authors of the test? Another category of problems that such a work may encounter is related to the methodological systematisation, categorization, taxonomy of models and techniques used in the practice of career counselling. It is known that extremely diverse objectives, criteria, indicators might be applied to the process. In their daily activity the counsellors develop their own working style based on their preferences regarding the methods and techniques; on the other hand they must use certain methods and techniques adequate to the categories of clients and to the categories of problems raised.7 In general, the sources of information / purchase of the instruments / questionnaires / tests, etc. used in career counselling are: †¢ specialized publishing houses commercialising psychological investigation tools; †¢ publications (journals, books, other sources on the Internet); †¢ copies from the originals in universities (used experimentally for research); †¢ direct purchase from the s ource of the free use rights (through professional organizations, libraries, peer counsellors); †¢ purchasing the reference instruments and the rights of translation,  adaptation, re-sampling and use (by institutes and universities) with their own funding or through various projects and programmes; †¢ elaborating original instruments at the national level as a result of research activity carried in institutes and universities. It must be said that it is forbidden to use psychological instruments protected by the copyright act without the permission of the authors or publishers. Access to these instruments is granted on the condition of purchasing the rights to adapt and use in full compliance with the laws, orders and provisions of the Regulations of professional associations in the field. Besides the legislation, there are ethical principles that regulate the professional use of methods and techniques specific to career counselling and the counsellors behaviour in relation to them. The present Compendium is a methodological handbook and also a professional statement of coherence, synergy and continuity in the work of career counselling, a scientific and systematic approach to the field and a way of supporting high quality service of information, counselling and guidance. We hope this Compendium to be a useful instrument both for the undergraduates preparing to become counsellors, professors teaching this course and counselling practitioners in the fields of education, employment, youth work, law enforcement, healthcare, military and others and who are known as careers advisors, school counsellors, educational and vocational guidance counsellors, employment officers, etc. 8 Methodological Aspects Mihai JIGAU Institute of Educational Sciences, Bucharest Career counselling is a global approach to individuals under all aspects of their personal, professional and social life; it consists in providing information, counselling and guidance services with a view to supporting each and every person – in any stage of their life – in the development of their own career through decision-making as regards to education, work, and community life. The domain of career counselling has known success and recoil of using various assessment methods and techniques (in the beginning mostly psychological tests, currently mostly questionnaires and inventories of interests, preferences, aptitudes, attitudes and values). In the dawn of educational and vocational guidance in Romania we can identify a psychometric phase, followed by an educational phase, and by the contemporary phase related to cognitive information management and processing, having the holistic career approach ethics and quality at its core. In career counselling we identify helpful methods among tests, questionnaires or inventories concerning: †¢ aptitudes (intellectual, verbal, numerical, reasoning, reaction speed, special talents, etc. ); †¢ personality; †¢ interests and special needs; †¢ values and attitudes; †¢ assessment of academic acquisitions (learning skills and methods); †¢ interpersonal relations; 9 †¢ self-image; †¢ decision-making; †¢ career development (training for decision-making); †¢ special categories of population. Tests are a means to objective and systematic measurement / assessment of certain behavioural elements (in either areas: aptitudes, personality, attitudes, knowledge) of individuals, based on their answers to certain work-related tasks. These fixed sequences of personal characteristics investigated are considered relevant to defining and identifying the respective aspects in human subjects. Standardized inventories are also means of measuring behavioural segments, in which the subject’s answers are not judged as right or wrong, but compared against those of other individuals taken to be a group norm (Brown and Brooks, 1991). In practice, it has been shown that in most cases counsellors use inventories of interests and skills rather than psychological performance and personality tests. In fact, the balance between one type of instruments and the other stems from the role assumed by counsellors: whether it is centred in supporting clients with their career development and decision-making, or in interpreting information for what is considered to be their clients’ best interest. As it can be noticed, the ends are the same, but the means different in each of the two situations described. Here are what psychological inventories and tests can identify with respect to career counselling: †¢ areas of interest / preference in the sphere of occupations; †¢ skills, abilities, aptitudes, as well as levels of performance required in various occupational areas; †¢ aspects of personality compatible with certain occupational fields;